What is Cholangiocarcinoma and what causes it ?

Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the bile ducts, which are the thin tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile ducts play a crucial role in the digestion process by transporting bile, a fluid that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Dr. Ronak Ajmera says The exact causes of cholangiocarcinoma are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing this condition. These risk factors include:

1. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): PSC is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the bile ducts, leading to their narrowing and scarring. People with PSC have an increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma.
2. Liver fluke infection: In certain parts of the world, particularly Southeast Asia, infection with a parasitic flatworm called Opisthorchis viverrini or Clonorchis sinensis can occur through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. These infections can lead to chronic inflammation of the bile ducts, which can eventually contribute to the development of cholangiocarcinoma.
3. Biliary tract diseases and abnormalities: Certain conditions such as biliary duct cysts, Caroli disease, and choledochal cysts are associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Inflammation and chronic irritation of the bile ducts caused by these conditions may contribute to the development of cancer.
4. Hepatolithiasis: This condition refers to the presence of stones in the bile ducts. Chronic irritation and inflammation resulting from hepatolithiasis can increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
5. Age and gender: Cholangiocarcinoma tends to occur more frequently in older individuals, with the risk increasing with age. Additionally, men are more commonly affected by this cancer than women.
6. Exposure to certain chemicals: Long-term exposure to chemicals such as Thorotrast (a contrast medium used in the past) and certain industrial chemicals may increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma.

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